Horse as resource: Isotopic insight into horse acquisition and management in Western Zhou societies

Archaeological and documentary evidence from Shang and Zhou periods indicates that the acquisition and management of horses were significant issues within early dynasties. However, the limited nature of such materials restricts detailed understanding. Stable isotope analysis provides insights into the diets and origin of these horses. Our study focuses on key Western Zhou sites: Zhouyuan (the capital region and a major center for horse consumption), Yaoheyuan (a newly discovered site on the northwestern frontier), and Liulihe (on the northern boundary of the Zhou’s eastern land). By integrating multi-isotope data (C, N, Sr, O) of bones and enamel samples with radiocarbon dating, we discuss the methods and temporal changes in horse acquisition and management at these sites. We also compare these findings with data from other regions, examining similarities and differences in horse management practices across the Western Zhou and surrounding steppe regions (west and north), as well as the source of horses and potential horse exchange networks. Preliminary data from Late Shang sites present a different narrative, which we are also investigating.