Ancient Cast Iron Production in Shandong, China: Insights from the Kanjiazhai Site during the Warring States and Han Periods

Shandong has historically been a significant region for iron production in China. However, compared to the Central Plains and Guanzhong regions, research on the ancient iron production technologies and management systems in Shandong lags behind. This study focuses on the the Kanjiazhai site of the ancient Qi capital in Linzi, Shandong, analyzing the chemical composition and microstructures of excavated iron artifacts and technical ceramics to uncover the iron production techniques. Comparative studies with related technologies in the Central Plains are also conducted. Additionally, the study explores the spatial distribution patterns of artifacts related to iron production, such as slag, iron artifacts, and technical ceramics, within the site, and examines key indicators reflecting iron production activities, including various dimensions related to specialization and standardization. By integrating archaeological excavation data with historical records of the social-political context and craftsman organization, this research delves into the organizational structure and specialization patterns of iron production workshops in the Linzi region. Furthermore, trace element and isotopic analyses of iron ore, iron artifacts, and typical slags from the Linzi area are carried out to identify the sources used for iron production in the ancient Qi capital of Linzi. This provides a more comprehensive understanding of the development of the regional iron industry.